The Adoption Of Islamic Business Practices - 1286 Words

The adoption of Islamic business practices by organizations: Why, How and what are the performance outcomes Organizations in most industries face increased competitive pressures from other organizations that aim to satisfy customer demands. One of the most significant issues that face organizations today is International competition in rapidly changing environment (Porter, 1986). Competition creates diverse, new capabilities into an industry and more dynamic and uncertain competitive environment. In industry the speed of technological developments might have changes due to increased competition (Wiersema and Bowen, 2008). In most global industry the fast development of products and process innovations has become very important in order to achieve competitive advantage (Bettis and Hitt, 1995). The expectations of customers are increasing, and to meet the needs of the customer, organizations are competing with each other. 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Analysis Of The Book The Jewelry - 983 Words

Freytag’s Pyramid in â€Å"The Jewelry† Kelly J. Mayes defines plot in The Norton Introduction to Literature as the way the author sequences and paces the events so as to shape our response and interpretation. Every piece of literature contains a plot pattern that follows Freytag’s pyramid. This pyramid consists of an exposition, rising action, a climax, falling action, and a conclusion. Though each story displays this pattern of organization, authors use many different literary devices to differentiate their work and to acquire the response they want to achieve from their audience. The author of â€Å"The Jewelry,† Guy De Maupassant, correctly followed Freytag’s Pyramid and used varied literary devices to create a suspenseful read for the audience. To begin with, this story launched with the exposition, where we learned about the two main characters, their lives, and the setting. M. 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Dissertation on Histone Protein Segregation Free Essays

Introduction Histone Proteins are favourably the alkaline proteins which are present in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell. They are the basic parts responsible for wrapping and organizing DNA into chromosomes in the nucleus. They are the principal protein elements of the chromatin and acts as a spool around which the DNA winds. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissertation on Histone Protein Segregation or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the nucleus of the cell the DNA is arranged in a very dense and super coiled style to form chromosomes. This is referred to as DNA packaging. (Isenberg, 1979) The unwound DNA in the chromosomes is very long and cannot be fit in the nucleus of the cell, hence these histone proteins brings about the DNA wrapping thereby reducing the dimensions of DNA in the cell. (Alberts B et al., 2001) Histones are primarily categorized into five major types. They are H1/H5, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. They are categorized into two classes. They include core histones with H2A, H2B and H3 and linker histones with H1 and H5. Two of each of core histones unites to form one octameric nucleosome which is the fundamental sub unit of chromatin. (Bartova et al. 2008; Bonisch et al. 2008). Hence histones proteins form the nucleosomes directly. After extraction of chromatin from the cells it is like beads on string. The string is the DNA and the beads are the nucleosomes which are roughly disc shaped. The linker histone H1 separates the nucleosome with the other nucleosomes and also helps in bringing the adjoining nucleosomes for further super coiling. The octameric nucleosome is formed by two H2A, H2B dimers and a tetramer of H3, H4 histones. These core histones are comparatively analogous in structure. However their 3D structures are relatively different. The core histones have different protein sequence. The sequence for H2A Histone is SGRGK QGGKA RAKAK SRSSR AGLQF PVGRV HRLLR KGNYS ERVGA GAPVY LAAVL EYLTA EILEL AGNAA RDNKK TRIIP RHLQL AIRND EELNK LLGRV TIAQG GVLPN IQAVL LPKKT ESHHK AKGK. (Andreas and David, 1998) The sequence for H2B Histone is PEPAK SAPAP KKGSK KAVTK AQKKD GKKRK RSRKE SYSIY VYKVL KQVHP DTGIS SKAMG IMNSF VNDIF ERIAG EASRL AHYNK RSTIT SREIQ TAVRL LLPGE LAKHA VSEGT KAVTK YTSSK. (Andreas and David, 1998) The sequence for H3 Histone is ARTKQ TARKS TGGKA PRKQL ATKAA RKSAP ATGGV KKPHR YRPGT VALRE IRRYQ KSTEL LIRKL PFQRL VREIA QDFKT DLRFQ SSAVM ALQEA CEAYL VGLFE DTNLC AIHAK RVTIM PKDIQ LARRI RGERA. (Andreas and David, 1998) The sequence for H4 Histone is SGRGK GGKGL GKGGA KRHRK VLRDN IQGIT KPAIR RLARR GGVKR ISGLI YEETR GVLKV FLENV IRDAV TYTEH AKRKT VTAMD VVYAL KRQGR TLYGF GG. (Andreas and David, 1998) The molecular weight of the core histone proteins are measured in the Daltons. The theoretical molecular weight for H2A histone protein is 13,990.28 Daltons, for H2B histone protein is 13,788.97 Daltons, for H3 histone protein is 15,272.89 Daltons and for H4 histone protein is 11,236.15 Daltons. (Kornberg, 1977;McGhee and Felsenfeld, 1980) The histone proteins play a significant role in chromosome stabilisation, gene regulation and expression. The main functions of histone proteins are condensing the DNA strands and chromatin regulation. These histone proteins form the nucleosome and they impart a structure to which DNA is twisted and causes to fit the bulky genomes of eukaryotes inside the nucleus of the cell. (Bartova et al. 2008; Bonisch et al. 2008). The histones also undergo post translational modifications which alter their interaction with DNA and nuclear proteins. The H3 and H4 histones have very long tails projecting from the nucleosome which can be covalently altered at numerous places and the alteration includes the acetylation, ubiquitination, methylation, phosphorylation, ADP-ribosylation and citrullination.(Bartova et al. 2008; Bonisch et al. 2008). The modification of histone includes the gene regulation, DNA repair and chromosome condensation. In this manner, histones can control gene expression, cell g rowth and proliferation. (Jenuwein and Allis 2001). The separation of the histone proteins is carried out by using the 1D SDS PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) method. In the gel electrophoresis method the charged molecules are segregated based on their physical properties like charge, mass, etc. by allowing them to pass forcedly through a gel matrix by an electric current. (Coligan et al., 2002).The proteins from the various complex protein mixtures are normally separated by this method by using the polyacrylamide gel. It is known as Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE method). In this method the main constituent is the acrylamide which is used in the preparation of the electrophoresis gels for the isolation of proteins. In order to form the cross linked polymer network, the acrylamide is combined with bisacrylamide with the polymerising agent like Ammonium Per Sulphate (APS). The polymerisation reaction is catalysed by TEMED (N,N,N,N’-tetramethylenediamine) by the producing the free radicals by APS. The size of the pores and firmness of the gel matrix mainly depends on the ratio of bisacrylamide and acrylamide used and their total con centration. Sequentially these in turn depends up on the range of molecular weight of the proteins which has to be determined. The pore size of the gel matrix is contrary to the quantity of acrylamide used. Generally 12% of polyacrylamide gel has lesser pore size than 7% of polyacrylamide gel. Larger proteins are resolved with the gels with less amount of acrylamide and smaller proteins with more amount of acrylamide. And for the broad range of protein sizes, the special gels like Gradient gels are prepared by having less percent of acrylamide at the top/start and more percent of acrylamide at the bottom/end. The electrophoresis gels are mixed with the buffers which impart the conduction of electric current though the matrix. The solution is transferred to the gel cassette which is a thin space formed by placing two glass or plastic plates facing each other. After the gel is polymerised, the cassette is placed vertically into the electrophoresis tank containing the electrodes. The p roteins are added in the wells from the top and electrophoresis is carried out during which the proteins are separated by the gel due to its sieving properties. In order to obtain the best possible resolution of the proteins a gradient gels are used. (Hames et al., 1990) There are different forms of PAGE available which are used for separation of different proteins based on different principles. They commonly include the native PAGE, SDS PAGE, 2D PAGE, etc. (Hames et al., 1990; Coligan et al., 2002). In case of the 2D PAGE (Two Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) the proteins are isolated by isoelectric point in the first dimension and later by mass in the second dimension. This method offers the maximum resolving power for the protein analysis and it is a very significant method in proteomic research. (Hames et al., 1990) In the native PAGE, the proteins are isolated based on their size, net charge and shape. The electrophoretic migration is due to the fact that the most of the proteins possess a net negative charge in alkaline running buffers. As the negative charge density increases, the migration speeds of the protein increase. Simultaneously the frictional force of the gel matrix produces a sieving effect thereby reducing the protein movement based on their size and shape. Hence the smaller proteins face less frictional force and larger proteins face more frictional force. In this manner the various proteins are separated from a mixture. (Hames et al., 1990) In case of the SDS PAGE the gel is mixed with the buffer having the SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate). The SDS is heated with the proteins samples before electrophoresis so that the charge density of all proteins are almost equal. The SDS is an anionic detergent which denatures the proteins present in the sample and attaches strongly to the uncoiled molecule. In order to make sure that no quaternary or tertiary proteins structure remains generally a reducing agent like dithiothreitol (DTT) is also added as it ruptures the protein disulphide bonds. Hence when these samples are used in the electrophoresis, the proteins get separated based on their mass alone. In this method a set of proteins of known molecular weight is run aside the sample in the same gel cassette. They act as a reference from which the mass of the sample proteins is determined. They are called as Molecular Weight Markers. The electrophoresis is carried out by using the two gels for favourable results. They are the stacki ng gel and the resolving gel. The stacking gel is added over the top of the resolving gel. Apart from the low concentration of acrylamide in stacking gel, it has low pH and different ionic content than the resolving gel. This causes the proteins to get concentrated into a tight band during the early electrophoresis period before entering into the resolving gel. (Hames et al., 1990) Breast cancer refers to the hysterical growth of breast cells. The breast carcinoma is a malignant tumour. It occurs due to any abnormal genetic changes in the breast cell. Presently there is an increasing alarm regarding the high risk posed by various compounds with oestrogen like activity present in the environment. These various compounds includes the Phytoestrogens (e.g. genistein), food products like legumes, lentils, chickpeas, soybean, cereals, fruits, and vegetables, industrial contaminants, (e.g. bisphenol A) and polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides (e.g. endosulfan), etc. These substances have the ability to produce cancer mediated through estrogenic receptors. Some of these substances when treated with the MCF-7 cell line, MCF-10F (ER/ER?+), MDA-MB-231 (ER/ER?+) or MCF-10A (ER/ER) cells, increased the growth rate of these cell lines. This 3-4 folds proliferation was due to the up regulation of all the core histone proteins which represents the increase in t he chromatin content of the cells. The degree of proliferation of the cells indicates the level of the core histone proteins and was concentration dependent. Hence this indicates that histone proteins are used as indirect markers of breast cell proliferation. Therefore in the human breast cancer the histones are up regulated and cause cell proliferation mediated by the oestrogen receptors agents. Based on this it is possible to state that the core histone proteins serve as bio markers of (ER+) human breast cancer.(Zhu et al., 2009) Aim The main aim of this experiment is to resolve the given four human recombinant protein samples (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) by using the one dimensional SDS Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (1D SDS – PAGE). Material and Methods Equipments used The experiment uses the Bio Rad Mini PROTEAN 3 Cell gel electrophoresis unit. It consists of the electrophoresis tank, electrode chamber with a cathode and anode, two glass plates, gel cassette assembly, comb and the connecting cables. Power source, heater, micro centrifuge, pH meter, and the other general equipments like test tubes, conical flasks, etc were used. Reagents used The various reagents used in this experiment includes the Acrylamide/bisacrylamide (30%w/v/0.8%w/v), 3.0M Tris/HCl (pH – 8.8 for resolving gel stock), 0.5M Tris/HCl (pH – 6.8 for stacking gel stock), TEMED, SDS (10%w/v), Ammonium Per Sulphate (APS – 25%w/v). The running buffer is also used as 0.025M Tris/0.192M glycine/0.1% (w/v) SDS, pH 8.3. The other reagents used are sample buffer, Pre stained molecular markers, colloidal Coomassie Blue Stain Solution, Bromophenol Blue (0.5%w/v) and the given four human recombinant proteins (1Â µg/Â µl) [H2A, H2B, H3.3 and H4]. Experimental Procedure The SDS PAGE method is commonly used for the examination of the proteins because of its simplicity, speed and resolving capacity. The SDS PAGE is the Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis method. The various steps performed are as follows: Preparationof Gel Cassette Sandwich Firstly select a clean Spacer Plate and Short Plate and place them over one another and set them in the casting frame and lock the pressure cams from both the sides. It should be kept in such a manner that the short plate should face the front of the frame. After locking the gel cassette assembly check that both the plates are flush at the bottom. Then place the rubber gasket at the bottom of the casting stand and place the gel cassette sandwich assembly in the casting stand in such a manner that it is perpendicular to the level surface. After complete formation of the gel cassette assembly, add water into it to make sure that no leaking takes place. Then remove the water and wipe it with the filter paper. Set the comb into the assembled gel cassette and mark the level at 1 cm below the comb teeth and remove it, the resolving gel is poured up to this level. After preparation of the resolving gel pour it up to the mark into the assembled gel cassette in a very smooth way to prevent an y air bubble formation. Allow the gel to set for 45 minutes. After the gel has set wash its surface with distilled water and wipe with the filer paper and allow drying the area in between the glass plates for a minute. Then after this prepare the stacking gel solution and pour it above the resolving gel till the top of the plates. Then immediately place the comb in the stacking gel in gel cassette to form the wells. Allow the stacking gel to set for overnight. Preparation of Gels The gels used in SDS PAGE method are the resolving gel and the stacking gel. Both the gels consists of the acrylamide/bisacrylamide, distilled water, 10% SDS, TEMED and ammonium per sulphate (APS). However the resolving gel uses 3.0M Tris/HCl (pH 8.8) and the stacking gel uses the 0.5M Tris/HCl (pH 6.8). These gels are prepared by directly mixing all the reagents. However the TEMED and APS are added only when the gel is ready to be polymerised. In this manner the gels are prepared. Electrophoresis Module Assembly After the stacking gel has set, smoothly remove the comb. Then open the cams and remove the sandwich gel cassette and place it in the electrode assembly in such a manner that the short plate faces inward of the electrode assembly. Secure the electrode assembly by closing the two levers of the frame to form the inner chamber. Set this secured inner chamber into the Mini Electrophoresis Tank. Fill the inner chamber with the running buffer, however it is not overfilled. Then add around 200 ml of the running buffer is added into the Mini Tank. Sample Preparation and Loading Four recombinant histone protein samples are used in this experiment. They are H2A, H2B, H3.3 and H4. 1Â µl of each of this protein samples (1Â µg/Â µl) is added to 20Â µl of the Sample Buffer in the Eppendorf tubes and labelled properly. They are heated in a heater set at 100? C for two minutes and then allowed to cool to room temperature. After the sample preparation, 20Â µl of each of the histone protein is loaded into the wells carefully by using the gel loading tips. The sample loading should be very smooth and the tip should not puncture the well. Load the 2Â µl of the pre stained molecular marker (Page Ruler) into the other well simultaneously to ensure the movement of proteins. Gel Electrophoresis After loading the histone proteins, mini tank is covered with the lid and the electric supply is given by the cable wires. Turn on the power supply and the start the gel electrophoresis at 200 Volts for about 35 minutes until the bromophenol blue dye has drifted to 1 cm from the bottom of the gel. During this time each histone protein based on their molecular weight is moved to their ends. Staining the Gels Once the electrophoresis is completed, switch off the power supply and take out the lid. Cautiously lift the inner chamber assembly and dispense the running buffer to avoid the falling of buffer before opening the cams. Then open the cams and take out the glass cassette sandwich. Open the sandwich with the help of gel releaser and take out the gel slowly. Immerse the gel in 30 ml of Colloidal Coomassie blue stain solution for half an hour with moderate shaking. During this time the staining occurs and once it is completed the gel is de stained with water and then incubated with water at room temperature for overnight for complete de staining. After this the gel is rinsed with water for the proteins bands to be seen clearly. Results Figure 1: SDS Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Histone Proteins. Bands show the migration of individual histone proteins. A pre stained molecular marker is included at the side for comparison. In the present experiment four human recombinant histone proteins were given for isolation and determination. From the standard pre stained molecular marker, each of the histone protein has to be determined by correlating with its band. The Figure 1 illustrates the SDS Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of given four recombinant histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3.3 and H4). In the figure the last column of bands refers to the standard pre stained molecular marker (Page Ruler) and the other four bands represents the respective histone proteins. The values beside the molecular marker indicate the molecular weight in kDa. Hence with reference to this standard values, the four given histone protein samples has to be determined. In case of the band of H2A histone protein, it is nearly 13,990 Da as it is below 15 kDa. Similarly in case of the band of H2B histone protein, it is nearly 13,789 Da. And in case of H3.3 histone protein, the band is clearly at the top of all the bands indicating it has the highest value and it is slightly above 15, so it may be around 15,273 Da. In the fourth histone protein H4, the band is at the far end when compared to the other three bands. However it is slightly above 10. Hence it may be around 11,236 Da. Therefore the molecular weights of the histone proteins were identified. However the standard molecular weight for the H2A is 13,990.28 Da, for H2B is 13,788.97 Da, for H3.3 is 15,272.89 Da and for H4 is 11,236.15 Da. (Kornberg, 1977;McGhee and Felsenfeld, 1980) Discussion The separation of proteins is mainly performed by the gel electrophoresis method. There are different types of gel electrophoresis methods used to separate different types of proteins. However in the present experiment the isolation of histone proteins is mainly carried out by 1D SDS PAGE method. This method is a one dimensional method and it separates the proteins principally by their molecular weight. It makes use of the ionic detergent Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS). The poly acrylamide gel is mixed with SDS because it denatures the proteins and binds to them to make them approximately evenly negatively charged. This is done with the aid of heating and generally a reducing agent like dithiotheritol (DTT) in order to break the protein disulphide bonds. This removes the risks of presence of any tertiary or quaternary proteins. As a result when electric current is passed through a power supply, all the SDS bound proteins of the sample will drift in the gel matrix to the anode, thereby separating the proteins based on their molecular weight alone. The proteins with low molecular weight moves fast through the gel compared to the proteins with high molecular weight due to the sieving effect of the gel matrix. Therefore in this experiment a set of four human recombinant histone proteins (H2A, H2B H3.3 and H4) were given to separate them based on their molecular weight. Hence these protein samples were taken and were subjected to the SDS PAGE method. In this method firstly the gel cassette assembly was formed by using the two glass plates (Spacer Plate and Short Plate) in a proper manner such that the short plate is facing front of the frame. After assembling the gel cassette it was filled by the gels which were prepared just before use. Firstly the resolving gel was poured and after it got set for about 45 minutes, the stacking gel was poured and comb was placed in it and it was allowed to set for overnight. The pouring of gels was carried out very carefully and slowly in order to prevent any air bubble formation. The appropriately set gel with the well defined wells is selected and gel cassette assembly was set in the electrode unit in the Mini Electrophoresis Tank. The running buffer was added properly and the sample histone proteins were loaded very cautiously. Before loading the protein samples, they were heated for about two minutes. Along with the samples, the pre stained molecular marker was also loaded. And the power supply was given and the electrophoresis was carried out for 35 minutes at 200V. During this time the bromophenol blue dye moves to 1cm from the bottom of the gel. After this the power supply was switch off and very carefully the gel was removed from the gel cassette sandwich assembly and was dipped in the staining solution like Colloidal Coomassie blue stain solution for about half an hour with occasional shaking. After staining, the gel is removed and de stained with distilled water by incubating it for overnight. Then it was rinsed properly to visualise the bands for each of the histone proteins. The pre stained molecular marker of known molecular weight was also run beside the given histone samples in the same gel. It acts as a standard or reference. For all the given four human recombinant histone proteins the bands lie in between the 10 and 15 kDa as per the marker. In situation of H2A histone protein, the band obtained is just below the 15 kDa band in the standard. Hence its molecular weight is around 14 kDa. In case of the H2B histone protein, the band is obtained also below 15 kDa but a little lower than H2A, hence it should be less than 14 and should be around 13.7 kDa. In case of H3.3 histone protein, the band is just above the 15 kDa and it should be around 15.3 kDa and for the H4 histone protein the band is quite low and just above the 10 kDa band; hence it should be around 11.3 kDa. The data obtained in this experiment is fairly correct as compared to the standard theoretical data. The theoretical molecular weight for H2A histone protein is 13,990.28 Daltons, for H 2B histone protein is 13,788.97 Daltons, for H3 histone protein is 15,272.89 Daltons and for H4 histone protein is 11,236.15 Daltons. (Kornberg, 1977;McGhee and Felsenfeld, 1980). Hence the results obtained in this experiment are reasonably acceptable and can be used for further studies. If the mixture of these histone proteins were need to be separated by the same method (SDS PAGE), then the expected result would not be accurate and proper. And the band for the individual histone protein may not be clear. It is because all the given four human recombinant histone proteins have approximately equal and very close molecular weights. And the values for all the four histone proteins lie between 10 to 16 kDa. Hence the bands would be very close to each other. If any flaws or any possible inaccuracy occurs during the experiment, then there is a possibility that the bands may be wrong. Hence the results would be wrong. Therefore there is very less possibility that the results would be accurate and also for the correct identification of the bands. However, if the experiment is carried out perfectly, then in such case the order of bands would be H4, H2B, H2A and H3.3 in the increasing order of their molecular weights. It is resolved with the help of the standard molecular mar ker which acts as a reference. Therefore, if mixture of these four histone proteins were to be separated by this method very accurately, then the results may be correct. However, for the separation of this mixture of four histone proteins another laboratory method is available. In this method, the groups (H2A, H2B) and (H3, H4) are separated first by using NaCl and hydroxylapatite chromatography. (Richard and Gary, 1979) The H2A and H2B group are the slight lysine rich group and H3 and H4 is the arginine rich group. This method was introduced by Van der Westhuyzen and Von Holt. In this method, firstly the individual groups were separated. However, the given mixture was treated with 0.63 M NaCl and 0.1 M potassium phosphate before the mixture sample is loaded on to the hydroxylapatite. This is to remove any contamination with the other linker histone proteins like H1 and H5. Then it was subjected to chromatography to obtain the core histone groups (H2A, H2B); (H3, H4). After this the samples obtained are subjected to SDS PAGE method for further separation. Finally the core histones were separated. (Richard and Gary, 1979) References Ahmad, K. and Henikoff, S. (2002). Histone H3 variants specify modes of chromatin assembly Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 Suppl 4, 16477-16484. Andreas, D.B. and David, L. (1998 Oxford University Press). Nucleic acids research. Histone Sequence Database: new histone fold family Vol. 26, No. 1, 372-375. Bartova, E. Krejci, J. Harnicarova, A. Galiova, G. and Kozubek, S. (2008). Histone modifications and nuclear architecture: A review J. Histochem. Cytochem. 56, 711-721. Bonisch, C. Nieratschker, S.M. Orfanos, N.K. and Hake, S.B. (2008). Chromatin proteomics and epigenetic regulatory circuits. Expert Rev Proteomics.5, 105–119. Coligan, J.E., et al. , Eds. (2002). Electrophoresis, In Current Protocols in Protein Science, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 10.0.1-10.4.36. Hames, B.D. and Rickwood, D. Eds. (1990) Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins: a Practical Approach, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York. Isenberg, I. (1979). Histones. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 48, 159-191. Jenuwein, T, and Allis, C.D. (2001). Translating the histone code. 293. 1074–1080. Kerenyi, L. and Gallyas, F. (1973). Errors in quantitative estimations on agar electrophoresis using silver stain Clin. Chim. Acta 47, 425-436. Kornberg, R. D. (1977). Structure of chromatin Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46, 931-954. Marino-Ramirez, L. Jordan, I. K. and Landsman, D. (2006). Multiple independent evolutionary solutions to core histone gene regulation Genome Biol. 7, R122. McGhee, J. D. and Felsenfeld, G. (1980). Nucleosome structure Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49, 1115-1156. Richard, H.S. and Gary, F. (February 1979). Nucleic acids research, oxford journals. A new procedure for purifying histone pairs H2A + H2B and H3 + H4 from chromatin using hydroxylapatite Volume 6 Number 2, 689-696. Ruchel, R. Steere, R. L. and Erbe, E. F. (1978). Transmission-electron microscopic observations of freeze-etched polyacrylamide gelsJournal of Chromatography A 166, 563-575. Shapiro, A. L. Vinuela, E. and Maizel, J. V.,Jr. (1967). Molecular weight estimation of polypeptide chains by electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 28, 815-820. vanWert, J. M. Wolfe, S. A. and Grimes, S. R. (2008; 2008). Binding of RFX2 and NF-Y to the testis-specific histone H1t promoter may be required for transcriptional activation in primary spermatocytes J. Cell. Biochem. 104, 1087-1101. Weber, K. and Osborn, M. (1969). The reliability of molecular weight determinations by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis J. Biol. Chem. 244, 4406-4412. Zhu, Z. Edwards, R. J. and Boobis, A. R. (2009). Increased expression of histone proteins during estrogen-mediated cell proliferation Environ. Health Perspect. 117, 928-934. Version 112,113, 114,115 and 116. UniProtKB/Swiss-prot release 2010_04 P16104 How to cite Dissertation on Histone Protein Segregation, Essays

Injuries from Fall and Transitional Care

Question: Discuss about the Injuries from Fall and Transitional Care. Answer: Introduction: Fall is an event which inadvertently causes a person to rest on the ground or other lower level. Falls are the second leading cause of accidental injuries worldwide. 37.3 million fall injuries are severe enough to require medical attention and are most frequently observed in older adults (age greater than 65) (Falls, 2016). Fractures such as Hip fracture, Leg fracture, Spine, rib and pelvis fracture, Intracranial injuries are the most common ones. Other fractures not as frequent include Arm fracture, Skull and face fracture, etc. Other injuries include Crushing injuries or internal injuries, open wounds of head, neck and trunk, Joint disorders, dislocation because of trauma and spinal cord injury (Russo, Owens Stocks, 2006). Spinal injuries include both Cervical as well as lumbar injuries. Also, Musculoskeletal injuries sustained can be in Upper extremity, Pelvic area as well as Lower extremity (Rozycki Maull, 1991). A major cause of concern in case of post-fall hospitalization in older individuals is rehospitalisation within 1-6 months of discharge. Whenever there arises a situation when a person has to be shifted from 1 level of health care and another as well as has to be shifted across care settings, transition care comes into play. Most common form of transition care is the one given when an individual is transferred from a hospital to his home for further care and convalescence (Naylor Keating, 2008). Transition care is especially important in case of older adults who suffer from multiple chronic conditions and complex therapeutic regimens and their family members who need to take care of such individuals. References Falls. (2016). Media Centre. WHO. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs344/en/ Naylor, M., Keating, S. A. (2008). Transitional Care: Moving patients from one care setting to another. Author manuscript. PMC. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768550/ Rozycki, G. S., Maull, K. I. (1991). Injuries sustained by falls. Archives of emergency medicine, 8(4), 245-252. Russo, C. A., Owens, P. L., Stocks, C. (2006). Common Injuries That Result in Hospitalization, 2004, Retrieved from https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb19.pdf

Death Of A Salesman Charatcer Dvelpomnet Essay Essays -

Death Of A Salesman Charatcer Dvelpomnet Essay A persons attitude is mostly what everyone around him or her will view them as. From this they can tell many things. Whether it is if the person is funny or down to earth or even irresponsible. Many times people change personalities often and they would be classified as being a dynamic type of person. A person who is doesnt change is classified as being a static character. Willy, from Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller, is a static character for his inability to grasp reality, his poor parenting and his constant lying to his wife. Foremost, Willy has a problem with his inability to grasp reality. As he grows older his mind is starting to slip. For example, when he talks to the woman and his brother Ben. Throughout the story, Willy dreams of talking to the woman, because the woman is a person that he was dating in when he went to Boston. He was cheating behind his wifes back. Willy basically uses her as a scapegoat when hes hallucinating about her. He blames all of his problems on the woman. For instance Willy says, Cause you do Theres so much I want to make for. (38) This is the evidence right here. Also he dreams about his brother Ben. Willy wishes could be more like his brother who has just passed away a couple of months previously to the story. He also wishes he didnt have to work and could be rich like Ben. He respects Ben for not really working and making a lot of money. Another example of Willys hallucinations are when he says, How are you all? (45) This occurs when Willy is talking with Charley and he starts thinking about Ben. Willys inability to grasp reality never changed throughout the story. Willy also has very poor parenting skills. He has two children Biff and Happy. Willy excuses Biff for a lot of events when he was younger. If Biff stole something, Willy just brushes it off and says that is was no big deal. He didnt even care when Biff failed math and did not graduate from high school. He measured success in how many people you knew not what your grades are. In one breath Willy would say that Biff is lazy and then in the next say hes not. A perfect example of this is when Willy says, Biff is a lazy bum! (16). It is actually chilling at times what he says. To Willy, Happy was not a success and he always thought that Biff was superior to Happy. Even though Happy has a good job and gets all of the women, Willy still doesnt care for Happy. Happy is a womanizer and he gets this from his father. Happy uses women just as his father does to the woman. On page 31 Willy says, You and Hap and I This summer, Heh? (31) This is perhaps the one time Willy is going to make peace wi th Happy and Biff. It is scary that there are fathers just like Willy out there throughout the world. Lastly, Willy has a very bad problem of lying to his wife. Most of the time it is about money and how much he makes. He tells her that he makes all this money but in actuality its nothing. Not even enough to pay the bills. Willy says, Well I- I did whole trip. (35) Linda however, still makes excuses for him and smoothes things over, just as Willy does for Biff. Willy also never tells Linda about the woman in Boston. To him its not important and thinks that if things stay the same everything will be okay. He also lies about Biff to her. She doesnt even know the truth about her own son. Also, he contradicts what he says to her. Linda says, And Willy take lunch. (18) These are prime examples of whats wrong with the family. In conclusion, Willy is a static character. He remains the same throughout the whole play. Which once again means that he is a static character, which means that his attitude doesnt change throughout the course of the story.

Descarte and Pierce Essays

Descarte and Pierce Essays Descarte and Pierce Essay Descarte and Pierce Essay Descartes and Peirce both believe in belief and doubt. However, Peirce argument and determination to find a solution to overcome doubt is much stronger than Descartes’. Peirce also makes it known that he is aware of belief in which Descartes does not. Their beliefs result from the notion of clear and distinct ideas. Peirce and Descartes are both rationalists who believe that there is an independent truth and they know it when they see it. The problem that exists is that Descartes and Peirce realize that their senses and ideas could lead to rejection and doubt. The difference between Peirce and Descartes argument is that Peirce argues that to understand the effects of something is to understand what it is. Peirce uses the example of objects which I think is very clever. From the notes it is stated, â€Å"Peirce asks if a hard thing is always hard or only hard when it comes in contact with an object†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even though Peirce was confused as to what the answer or explanation was, he gave a good justification and explained that one has to understand the effects of things. Descartes believes in the method of hyperbolic doubt which expresses the doubt of any belief that he finds reason to do so. The reason why Descartes believes in the method of hyperbolic doubt is because his senses seemed to have failed him in the past. Therefore, he is not sure if he can trust his senses. Unlike Peirce, Descartes was always skeptical of what he was trying to find. However, his goal was to get rid of the beliefs that caused him to be so doubtful. Peirce has four methods that he tested to lead to belief over doubt. He uses these methods through the concept of inquiry which is to settle doubt. The method of tenacity explains that one should chose to belief whatever they want no matter what the odds may be. The second method that Peirce explains is authority which is the process of believing what is told believe and having to stick to it. The method of rationality is the process of believing what is reasonable. Peirce decided that none of these methods that he tested led to belief over doubt. He realized that the method of empirical investigation was the best method that resulted in belief over doubt. Empirical investigation is to be tested along with a belief and presented (21-22). He explains that this method proves that in reality we can have reasoning of how things really are according to perception. I think that Descartes would say that he agrees with Peirce to a certain extent. Peirce seems more determined to fight for belief than Descartes. However, I think that Descartes would argue that he is encouraged to avoid skepticism. Descartes defines senses as a part of the process of thinking. He also explains that we can use our senses to help us understand the true nature of things. Descartes struggled with doubt and his senses when he used his ontological proof that God existed. For example, he explains that he is aware that he is not perfect and he makes mistakes. He understands that he must know what perfect is in order to give someone the title. He knew that something perfect lead him to have these ideas and that it must exist. His definition of perfect is unique without the knowledge of anyone else and he defined it as God. For example, Descartes believes that God is perfect and deception is a sign of imperfection. Therefore, Descartes came to the conclusion that God cannot deceive. This example shows that Descartes did struggle to accept his own belief without doubting himself. His ontological argument proved, to Descartes, that through God everything must be true. However, he also starts to question whether existing is even through. He even explained that he had a dream and it turned out to be real. In reality, dreams are not real. Unlike Descartes, Peirce believes that with tenacity people can come to a conclusion of what is true rather than be doubtful. Peirce and Descartes both seem to believe that doubt and belief have different effects on humans but they are positive at the same time. For example, in the book Pragmatism in the section The Fixation of Belief by Louis Menand he states, â€Å"Belief does not make us act at once, but put us into such condition that we shall behave in a certain way, when the occasion arises† (13). In this section, Peirce continues on to explain that doubt can lead one to struggle to believe the truth. My position on the issue at stake is that Peirce and Descartes both have some similarities in their positions about belief and doubt. However, Descartes gives me every reason to continue to think that he is confused with life. First, he doubts his existence on earth. Second, he doubts the existence of God and his own physical being. The reason why I am more so on Peirce’s side is because he basically explains that one must have a clear perception on how to believe and have a belief so that they one can eventually understand the meaning of reasoning. It is clear that Descartes and Peirce have different concepts of belief. However, I feel that Peirce is more concerned with reality. I also feel that Descartes has to prove that his thoughts on belief are clear and meaningful to others while he continues to doubt himself. On the other hand, Peirce seems to let his thoughts speak alone. Moreover, Peirce also explains that he is determined to find out how does one come to find that something is true whereas Descartes is in the stage where he needs to find a ‘foundation’ and get rid of doubt as I mentioned before. In reference to Descartes hyperbolic doubt, personally, I think that Descartes focus is for one to automatically doubt everything and eventually notice that there are ideas and assumptions to face. I am uncertain of whether he wants people to doubt everything even when we are thinking of ideas but I do know that he sends a very confusing message especially compared to Peirce’s thoughts. I question Descartes theory of belief and doubt because how can he have a thought or theory about belief if cant make up his own mind about whether or not God exists? Why would the majority who believes in a god believe anything that he proposes after that? I most certainly would not. I understand that one has to go through trial and error in order to succeed and prove one’s point. However, I think that Descartes points are very weak because he jumps back and forth with every proposal or argument that he presents. He also confuses himself as to whether or not he wants to believe in existing, God, belief, doubt, and truth. In conclusion, I think that Peirce’s argument was presented the best. All of his arguments were strong and made a lot of sense. It is clear that he ended his argument with the belief in empirical investigation. From the notes, Peirce states that he believes that if investigation could possibly continue to its ultimate resolution, opinion would settle on one explanation of things. That explanation is what is real and true. He also makes it very clear that one cannot come up with a conclusion nor have a thought without knowing the foundation. Throughout the entire paper I have criticized Descartes work. However, I do believe that one argument that he presented made a lot of sense to me, believe it or not. He explained that even though he is a thinking thing and he can exist without physically being, he believes that he was a mind and body joined together and that one affects the other. I agree with this statement because, as we mentioned in class, I believe that the mind and body have to work together in order for both of them to function properly.

Anthropology. write an essay (3000 words maximum) on the development

Anthropology. write an (3000 words maximum) on the development of writing - Essay Example One of the oldest written references to King Solomon’s Temple is in form of inscription on a slice of clay. There are different types of writing systems which include logography, syllabaries, alphabets and featured scripts. The grapheme which represents a word or morpheme is called a logograph. They are commonly known as hieroglyphics. However, hieroglyphics represent ideas more than words (Brown, 1998: Pg 63). They are visual symbols rather than phonemes. All logographic scripts rely on the principle of rebus. This writing system includes Logoconsonantal scripts and logosyllabic scripts. It is a set of symbols that represents syllables. It is phonetic system of writing. Syllabaries are best suited to language with basic syllable structure, for example Japanese (Carter, 1984: Pg 123). Normally it is made of a consonant and a vowel or just a single vowel. The Inuktitut orientation the symbols are used to indentify vowels and small symbols are used to write syllable consonants. Alphabets can be defined as small set of symbols, each one historically represents phoneme of a particular language. A perfect phonological alphabet is the one in which letters correspond perfectly in different directions (Christin, 2002: Pg 87). Writers can predict the spelling of a word easily provided its pronunciation is given. Many languages often evolve of their writing systems and similarly the writing system have been borrowed other systems from different languages. The extent to which letters of an alphabet correspond with the phonemes varies from one language system to another. The featured scripts are the building blocks of phonemes which make up a language. For example the sound pronounced with lips can have some elements in common. It represents finer details than an alphabet. The history of written communication follows the path of civilization which in turn, moves in reaction to changing cultural norms. The transfer of information and

Research proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research proposal - Dissertation Example The errors encountered while trying to understand a second language are dependent on the method (s) of acquisition. Learning is not as faster as being taught in class. On the best possible way to teach a second language, several errors are realized while teaching a second language and thus the context should be set through the adoption of several teachings methods with more emphasis on the topic, the presenter and the setting. There is very little evidence on the errors experienced while trying to learn a second language. Statement of the Problem There is very little literature if any on errors of learning a second language and hence this proposal. However, Krashen, S. D. (1981) in his research study title principles and practice in second language learning points out that learning a new language depends on the feeling of correctness. Krashen developed several hypotheses and tried to prove them qualitatively arguing that quantitative research design may not give all that it is expect ed as directed by the research questions. To Krashen, the errors encountered while trying to understand a second language are dependent on the method (s) of acquisition. Learning is not as faster as being taught in class. Cook, V. (2000) in support of Krashen’s arguments points that learning a second language with success depends on the willingness and ability to graps the first language. To Cook, the in-ability to learn the first language means that learning a second language may be difficult. To gain a deeper understanding of the perceived errors in learning a second language, Cook employed the use of a sample from an entire population of non-English students in a linguist setting using stratified sampling for uniformity of the results. They were then required to read aloud several English words while recording their different scents. Cook was able to detect that, those that had acquired the English language by being taught has grasped it with finality while those that had learned on themselves were not that proficient. Banes (2002) in his research on the best possible way to teach a second language sums up saying that several errors are realized while teaching a second language and thus the context should be set through the adoption of several teachings methods with more emphasis on the topic, the presenter and the setting. The above citations are proof that there is very little evidence on the errors experienced while trying to learn a second language. Aims and Objectives The aims of the proposed study include; Establishing the impact of second language learning among Saudis; and Gauging perceptions of Saudis in relation to second language learning. This will be aimed at; Identifying the errors involved in learning a second language; Enabling policy makers to take a holistic approach in the learning systems; Identify key hindrances to second learning; and Proposing strategies/policies to the education sector; Sensitizing Saudis on the advantages of second language learning and the common errors made. Research Questions In the conducting the research, the researcher aims at answering the following research questions; Are Saudis aware of the advantages of learning a second

Diabetes Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Diabetes - Article Example When conducting this research, I noticed that the methodology employed was representative because it employed random sampling thus avoided any instance of bias, the sample size of 190 participants was essential in minimizing the margin of error, and the study was approved the board of the university of Hawaii hence making it a professional research endeavor. The qualitative nature of design was essential in understanding the real effects of diabetes and offered the participants with an opportunity to offer their views.The data collection and analysis techniques were above standard because I noticed that a third layer analysis managed to examine the main subjects of the responses and identified the barriers to service needs of diabetes. When conducting the research, I found out that the results of the research fulfilled the objectives of the study. I discovered that the disease had pervasive effects on the lives of participants who had diabetic, there were a number of barriers to management of the conditions,participants needed psychological and social support to deal with emotional impacts of the disease, and need for monetary support was addressed. From my analysis and study, the conclusion managed to cover all issue involved in the findings and how they can be applied to the society in general. The study offered an insight on challenges of diabetes, how the challenges can be handled and future initiatives to combat the disease.As such, the conclusion is relevant to the study. My7 study does not have a clear implication of study how I can recommend that diabetes being a metabolic disease needs to be given much attention by healthcare fraternity, policy makers and the society in general. Landry Fukunaga, Denise Uehara and Tammy Tom.(2011).Perceptions of Diabetes, Barriers to Disease Management, and Service Needs: A Focus Group Study of Working Adults with Diabetes in

Case study McDonalds Business Plan

Case study McDonalds Business Plan In view of the current issues facing the company as well as the result of the SWOT analysis and Porters Five Forces Analysis, McDonalds may find it compelling to enter new offshore markets. Consequently, the Asia-Pacific region, more particularly China has been considered a promising market for McDonalds. The SWOT analysis revealed that McDonalds has the internal capabilities to enter new market and that external threats make it imperative for the company to enter new markets. In addition, Porters Five Forces Analysis also confirms that McDonalds initiative to expand to China could benefit the company to a large extent. Finally, the PESTEL Analysis also suggest that China is potentially a good new market for McDonalds. 1.0 Introduction A news article by Nicholas (2010) featured McDonalds voluntary recall of tumblers sold in its store. As revealed in the article, the tumblers were sold at McDonalds as part of the promotional tie up with a new film. According to the news article, the tumblers contained cadmium, which is a toxic substance that is extremely dangerous to the developmental health of children (Nicholas 2010). In response to the issue, the Consumer Product Safety Commission called on fast food companies for a stricter and thorough review of domestic and international supply chains in order to prevent products with potentially dangerous elements to reach its stores (Nicholas 2010). Consequently, this issue could add to the list of challenges being faced by the company. To recall, McDonalds has also been held responsible for obesity among children in the US and the UK (Kilkenny, 2010), which may so far be considered as the most disastrous issue facing the company. In view of the issues facing the company, Mc Donalds may find it vital to launch new business initiatives. This paper presents a business plan for McDonalds, which centers on the strategic issues facing the company and on the result of the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) Analysis, Porters Five Forces Analysis, and PESTEL (political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal) Analysis conducted on the company. 2.0 McDonalds Company: Business Overview According to Adams (2007), McDonalds is a popular destination for fifty million customers every day, making the company one of the largest fast food restaurants in the world. McDonalds is considered as the worlds leading fast-food Company in terms of revenues and number of restaurants. At present, there are about 32,500 McDonalds stores in over 100 countries across the globe, employing a total of 385,000 employees worldwide (McDonalds 2010). The company is headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois, but its operations span from the United States to Europe to the Middle East and to the Asia Pacific region (McDonalds 2010). McDonalds stores sell a standardized menu, but there are slight variations depending on the country where the store operates. For example, aside from its standard menu, McDonalds sell coconut water in Brazil, rice burgers in Taiwan, and porridge in the UK to suit the local taste of the customers (Adams 2007). The key or standard products served at McDonalds stores include hamburgers and cheeseburgers, chicken sandwiches, French fries, wraps, chicken nuggets, salads, desserts, sundaes, soft served cones, pies, as well as cookies. Furthermore, McDonalds also serves a wide range of beverages including milk shakes, soft drinks, coffee, and flavored tea. In addition, McDonalds also sells breakfast items especially in the US and many international markets, whereby breakfast offerings include muffins, biscuits, hotcakes, and bagel sandwiches. McDonalds markets its products under the following global brands: Big Mac, Big N Tasty, Filet-O-Fish, McNuggets, McFlurry, McMuffin, and the McGriddle s (McDonalds, 2010). McDonalds Head Quarters 3.0 SWOT Analysis 3.1 Strengths Strong Brand: As mentioned in Leong and Lwin (2006) brands are valuable symbols that magnify the image of the company. In the case of McDonalds, strong brands may be considered one of the greatest strengths of the company. As a proof, McDonalds was included in the list of the best global brands in the annual ranking of the Business Week magazine for 2009 (Holbrook, 2009). In relation, McDonalds brand equity for 2009 was valued at around $32,000 million (Holbrook, 2009). As a strong global brand, McDonalds is very well known in the informal-eating out market in almost all countries where it operates. Strong Global Presence: Aside from a strong brand, McDonalds strong global, diversified presence may also be considered a major strength of the company. At present, McDonalds has more than 32,000 stores in key geographic locations, such as, the US, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Africa (McDonalds, 2010). Furthermore, McDonalds operations span across 118 countries across the globe (McDonalds 2010). Consequently, McDonalds operations tend to be relatively larger compared to rivals. Large Scale of Operation and Product Customization: Given that McDonalds is the worlds largest food service retailing chain, it could leverage on its size to compete effectively in the market. Furthermore, McDonalds has bigger economies of scale in terms of sales or revenues to compete with rivals. For example in fiscal year 2009, McDonalds generated revenues totaling to $22,744.7 million, which is significantly higher compared to the revenues of Wendys ($3,580.8 million) and Burger King Corporation ($2,537.8 million). Low-Cost Foods: McDonalds has been popular in the market due to its dollar menu, which includes fruit and yogurt parfait, cheeseburger, and fries (Dunlop, 2009). McDonalds low cost food has been considered a major strength to the extent that the company still managed to increase sales by 6.8 percent over the previous year in spite of the economic downturn. Aside from the regular menu, McDonalds also sell specialty coffee such as those sold at Starbucks but a lower cost. To illustrate, Huglett (2009) noted that prices of espresso-based coffee sold at McDonalds costs about 75 cents cheaper than Starbucks coffee. Generally, Holbrook (2009) noted that fast food companies flourished even in a struggling economy due to its cheap menu items. Good Community Reputation: McDonalds sponsors the Ronald McDonald House of Charities, which is an integral aspect of the companys corporate social responsibility programs. As part of the program, McDonalds sponsors various community outreach programs that aim to benefit children especially those who come from poor families in various communities where McDonalds operates (Adams, 2009). For example, the Ronald McDonald Care Mobile aims to provide free screenings and treatments to children all around the United States (McDonalds, 2010). McDonalds corporate social responsibility program has helped create a positive company image. McDonalds mascot, Ronald McDonald has become a symbol of goodwill among customers, most especially to the children. Progressive External Orientation: As part of the companys commitment to total customer satisfaction, McDonalds offers free Wi-Fi services in over 15,000 stores across the globe (McDonalds, 2010). The free Wi-Fi access is intended to meet the personal and professional needs of McDonalds customers (McDonalds, 2010). 3.2 Weaknesses Health Issues: One of the weaknesses of McDonalds is that its core products were considered unhealthy (Adams, 2009). For example, McDonalds French fries was feared to have more Trans fat, which could cause obesity among consumers. Legal Suits Filed Against the Company: McDonalds is party to several litigations around the world. McDonalds have faced charges of violation of state consumer fraud acts, unfair competition or deceptive trade practices acts, strict liability, failure to warn, negligence, breach of express and implied warranties, fraud and fraudulent concealment, negligent misrepresentation and concealment, unjust enrichment, and false advertising (Brown, 2003). Additionally, McDonalds have admitted to 20 offenses of illegally employing children aged 15 and 16 at two restaurants in Surrey, UK (Brown, 2003). Furthermore, the company also received more than 2,750 recorded customer complaints of food poisoning a year (Brown, 2003). Consequently, these issues have tarnished McDonalds reputation in the market. 3.3 Opportunities Adding Healthy Food Options: Studies reveal that consumers are becoming more particular of the health implications of their consumption, whereby consumers now tend to demand healthy food options (Taylor, 2006). For McDonalds, this trend could create an opportunity for McDonalds to expand its menu to include healthy food varieties such as salads and fruits. Improving the Transaction and Service Delivery Processes: Improvements in technology provide a way for more efficient ordering and paying processes. Technologies that could improve transactions at fast food restaurants include the following: touch-screen ordering system, which makes order taking faster and more efficient; timing systems, which aims to monitor meal progress and hence ensure that orders are delivered accordingly; reservation systems, which aims to maintain good flow of traffic within the restaurant; inventory management system, which allows restaurants to effectively track supply levels and reduce wastes from over stocking and spoilage; and hand-held point of sale devices, which allows servers to place orders and print checks at the tableside. 3.4 Threats Slowing Economy: As mentioned in Horovitz (2009), businesses, including fast food restaurants are vulnerable to economic downturns. Generally, the economic slow down has negative implications to the business reflected in slightly depressed sales growth of restaurants. Consumer Eating Out Less: Surveys reveal that consumers are beginning to eat out less relevant to the economic downturn. In relation, a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company revealed that about 46 percent of American households have begun to eat out less (Panian, 2010). Increasing Competition: Competition in the fast food industry has intensified over time, thereby putting pressure on McDonalds. McDonalds does not only compete with rival companies in the industry, but also with formal restaurants and easy-prepare meals sold at supermarkets (Zwolak, 2010). Increasing Regulations: The fast food industry is under strict regulation from the government due to health issues associated to products sold at fast food restaurants. For example, some states in the US have required fast food restaurants to print calorie and nutrition information on their menu and at the same time placed restrictions on selling snack food and soda (Hirsh, 2009). 4.0 Industry Analysis 4.1 Size and Growth According to Data Monitor industry report, the US fast food market generated total revenues of $68.2 billion in 2008, equivalent to a compound annual growth rate of 5.5% for the periods between 2004 to 2008. Furthermore, the industry is highly fragmented, with the four top players holding only 35 percent of the available market share (Zwolak, 2010). Furthermore, 48 percent of establishments are small business operators with nine or fewer employees, while the other 52 percent have between 10 and 99 employees. 4.2 Trends The fast food industry is in the mature phase of its industry life cycle (Zwolak 2010). In this regard, growth may still be expected but at a slower pace and has the possibility of reaching saturation point in the domestic market. For the fast food industry, annual growth is expected to be around 2.5% over the next five years (Zwolak, 2010). 5.0 Porters Five Forces Analysis 5.1 Buyer Power Buyer power is assessed as moderate to the extent that buyer power within the fast food market is weakened by the fact that while not everyone enjoys fast food, large numbers of people are patronizing fast food. Buyer power is strong as such fast food companies are compelled to offer low prizing scheme. 5.2 Supplier Power Supplier power is assessed as strong to the extent that the supplier market is quite consolidated whereby few supply companies have substantial market shares and have other customers in the cost foodservice sector and in other segments of the profit food sector, hence decreases their dependence on fast food companies. 5.3 New Entrants Entry to the fast food market does not require huge capital outlay, allowing small business owners to establish single, independent fast food outlets. Furthermore, franchising agreements are common in the industry. As a proof, franchisees run the majority of McDonalds outlets in the US. In this regard, there is a strong likelihood of new entrants. 5.4 Substitutes Generally, substitutes present a strong threat to companies operating in the fast food industry. At present, substitutes for fast food include other forms of profit food service, and also food retail such as ready meals or easy-to-prepare meals (i.e., frozen meals) for home cooking. 5.5 Rivalry Rivalry in the fast food industry is relatively strong, given that the industry is highly fragmented. As mentioned before, the top four players in the industry hold only 35 percent of the total market share. 6.0 Business Expansion Plan: Entering New Market In view of the current issues facing the company as well as the result of the SWOT analysis and Porters Five Forces Analysis, McDonalds may find it compelling to enter new offshore markets. Consequently, the Asia-Pacific region, more particularly China has been considered a promising market for McDonalds. In relation, the Data Monitor market research found that the Asia-Pacific fast food market has posted strong, generating total revenues of $47.1 billion in 2008, equivalent to a compound annual growth rate of 10.3 percent for the period spanning 2004 to 2008, with the Chinese and South Korean markets having compound annual growth rates of 14.5% and 5.6% respectively. 7.0 PESTEL Analysis The PESTEL analysis will be used to validate the attractiveness of China as the target market for McDonalds. The goal of the PESTEL analysis is to analyze how political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors will interfere with the organization in entering the Chinese market. 7.1 Political Factors China adopts the open door reform policy, which aimed to decentralize the economic system and to attract overseas investment. In this regard, McDonalds would not have difficulties in entering the Chinese market, as the political structure of the economy supports foreign direct investment. 7.2 Economic Factors China is one of the fastest growing economies in the world today and growth forecasts for the subsequent years are fairly high. For McDonalds the booming economy and increasing gross and disposable income of the population in China suggest higher revenues in the future. 7.3 Social Factors The population of China was estimated at 1,328,020,000 as of 2008 and is expected to grow at a slower pace, given the one-child policy being adopted by the country. For McDonalds the large number of population in China opens opportunity for higher sales potentials. 7.4 Technological Factors Chinese government has placed significant investments on science and technology, leading to significant improvements in technology in the country. For McDonalds, improvements in technology could offer significant opportunities for businesses in managing different aspects of the business. Companies could leverage on newly introduced software to increase productivity and efficiency. 7.5 Environmental Factors The Chinese government has committed to reducing its carbon footprint in the future. In this regard, stricter environmental restrictions on businesses may be expected. 7.6 Legal Factors The Chinese labor force is highly regulated compared with other countries in the Asian region, whereby regulations are tighter for dismissing workers than on hiring. 8.0 Customer Analysis The target market segment of McDonalds in the new market includes mostly of busy, working people, to the elderly and young. Convenience may be considered as the main factor that attracts busy, working people to fast food as well as to the elderly and the young. Additionally, value for money may be considered as the greatest factor that would attract low to middle income households to fast foods. Finally, the childrens meal offered at McDonalds would appeal to children. 9.0 Competitor Analysis McDonalds major competitors in the international fast food market are: Wendys International and Yum Brands Inc. Focusing first on Wendys International, the company is engaged in the operation, development, and franchising of restaurants, operating a total of 6,645 restaurants in the US and in 19 other countries and territories (Data Monitor, 2009). Same with McDonalds, Wendys also offer a standardized menu, comprised of hamburgers and chicken sandwiches, as well as chicken nuggets, chili, baked and French fried potatoes, freshly prepared salads, milk, frosty dessert, floats, and kids meals. In FY 2008, the company reported revenues totaling to $1,822.8 million and net losses amounting to 413.6 million (Data Monitor, 2009). Meanwhile, Yum Brands Inc., similarly develops, operates, franchises, and licenses a system of restaurants. The company operates under five branded restaurant concepts, namely KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, LJS, and AW (Data Monitor, 2009). Yum Brands operates a total of 36,000 restaurants in more than 110 countries. Yum Brands generated total revenues of $11,279 million in the financial year ended December 2008, equivalent to an 8.3% compared to the previous year. 10.0 Conclusion McDonalds is considered as the worlds leading fast-food company in terms of revenues and number of restaurants. However, in view of the current issues facing the company as well as the result of the SWOT analysis and Porters Five Forces Analysis, McDonalds may find it compelling to enter new offshore markets. Consequently, the Asia-Pacific region, more particularly China has been considered a promising market for McDonalds. In relation, the PESTEL analysis confirms that China is potentially a good new market for McDonalds.

Biofuels Essay -- Environment, Fossil Fuels

In recent years environmental problems, especially the use of fossil fuels, has become one of the most commonly debated issues. It is widely known that fossil fuels are non-renewable resources and the use of fossil fuels harm the environment, such as the combustion process of fossil fuels that leads to global warming. However, current societies are still dependent on fossil fuels. Because of the environmental problems and in order to decrease the wide-ranging consumption of fossil fuels, researches argue that agricultural based fuel or bio-fuel is one alternative to replace fossil fuels and apply it as a new energy source. In general, bio-fuels are fuels that predominantly are produced from bio-renewable or renewable feedstock, such as corn, sugarcane, wheat and so on. There are many kinds of bio-fuels and each country develops different types. For instance, Brazil produces sugarcane based bio-fuels. Global development of bio-fuels is required; however, the effectiveness and the sus tainability of bio-fuels compared to fossil fuels should be addressed. This essay asserts that the utilization of bio-fuels in the world is not a viable alternative to fossil fuels because it confronts difficulties and results in disadvantages in the future. The arguments to against bio-fuels which will be assessed are related to social structure, economic development and the cost of production, as well as the arguments concerning agriculture and environment. Firstly, an important issue that should be considered is the use of bio-fuels and the problems posed in the social structure. Because bio-fuels benefit for the environment, bio-fuels production and the fuel market will grow rapidly; therefore, the availability of resources is an important factor.... ... and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere, which are associated with the greenhouse gas and three hundred times more effect upon the global warming (Cockerill & Martin, 2008; Murphy, 2009). In conclusion, the development of bio-fuels as a viable alternative to replace fossil fuels is still not promising. Although bio-fuels are made from renewable resources, bio-fuels are not effective enough due to the disadvantages that will arise, such as the shrinkage of food, the production expenses and the environmental drawbacks. On account of the difficulties and the disadvantages that result from the wide-ranging use of bio-fuels, management and policies of bio-fuels are needed as solutions to obtain a well-managed agricultural supply so that it has a sustainable production; likewise, large scale bio-fuels production should be adjourned until adequate solutions are discovered.